Laser Relativity Satellite

LARES (Laser Relativity Satellite) is an Italian Space Agency scientific satellite and it  was launched by the new European launch vehicle Vega.
The satellite, completely passive, is made of tungsten alloy and houses 92 cube corner retroreflectors that are used to track the satellite via laser from stations on Earth. LARES's body has a diameter of about 36.4 centimetres (14 in) and weighs about 400 kilograms (882 lb).
It has the perigee of 1,442.4 km, apogee of 1,459.8 km

i.e. , LARES was inserted in an orbit with 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) of perigee, an inclination from 60 to 86 degrees and reduced eccentricity. The satellite is tracked by the International Laser Ranging Service stations. The aim of the LARES mission is the measurement of the Lense–Thirring effectwith an accuracy of about 1%  to calculate its distance and orbit, with a high degree of precision. The LARES satellite may also be used for measurements in the fields of geodynamics and satellite geodesy. 

GOLIAT Satellite launch

GOLIAT is the first Romanian satellite.
The project has been started in 2005 by ROSA, having an initial budget of approximately 400.000 euro. GOLIAT is a nanosatellite based on the American Cubesat standard, cube-shaped 10x10x10 cm and weighting 1 kg.

Its Downlink Frequency is 437.4850 MHz .
This Satellite is of type Cubesat.   and it is launched on 13 February, 2012  at  Kourou.  The launching vehicle used is  Vega. It has the  Apogee of 1450.00,  perigee of  354.00 and its inclination is   71.00    
 The dimensions of satellite are 10cmx10cmx10cm and it has a weight of  1.000 Kg.
There are three scientific experiments onboard: SAMIS which aims to measure the meteorites flux, Dose-N which should measure the cosmic radiation dose on an Earth orbit and the acquisition of images from a 3Mpixels and 21x28 m ground resolution camera installed on the satellite.

Information Gathering Satellite (IGS) - Optical-4

Japan has launched a new Information Gathering Satellite (IGS) known as Optical-4 and the launch vehicle used is  H-2A (H-IIA).  It did show the vehicle successfully lifted off from the Yoshinobu Launch Complex at the Tanegashima Space Center (TNSC)  in Kagoshima Prefectureat 04:36 UTC on Friday.

H-2A's first stage has a length of 37.2 meters, a diameter of 4 meters and a mass of 114 tons.
The stage burns a mixture of liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen, developing a liftoff thrust of 1,098 kN.
The  burning time is of 390 seconds.

Launch log of remaining 10 Indian National Satellite System (INSAT)

 INSAT-3A  is launched on 10 April 2003. it is In service and providing services.

INSAT-3B is launched on 22 May 2000. it is In service and providing services.

INSAT-3C  is launched on 24 January 2002. it is In service and providing services.

KALPANA-1  is launched on 12 September 2002. it is In service and providing services.

GSAT-2  is launched on 8 May 2003. it is In service and providing services.

INSAT-3E  is launched on 28 September 2003. it is In service and providing services.

EDUSAT  is launched on 20 September 2004. it is In service and providing services.

 INSAT-4A  is launched on 22 December 2005. it is In service and providing services.

INSAT-4C  is launched on 10 July 2006 and it is not placed in orbit due to launch failure of GSLV-F02.

 INSAT-4B  is launched on 12 March 2007. it is In service and providing services.

 INSAT-4CR  is launched on 2 September 2007 and it is in  geo-synchronous orbit.

Launch log of first 10 Indian National Satellite System (INSAT)

INSAT-1A is launched on 10 April 1982 but it is deactivated on 6 September 1982.

INSAT-1B 30 August 1983 Completed mission life.

INSAT-1C is launched on22 July 1988 and Abandoned in November 1989.

INSAT-1D is launched on 12 June 1990 and it has completed mission life.

INSAT-2A is launched on 10 July 1992 .  it is the India's First Indigenous communication
Satellite and it has completed mission life.

INSAT-2B is launched on 23 July 1993 and it has completed mission life.

INSAT-2C  is launched on 7 December 1997 and it has completed mission life.

INSAT-2D is launched on 4 June 1997 and it became inoperable on 4 October 1997.

 INSAT-2DT is launched on In-orbit procurement and it has completed mission life.

 INSAT-2E is launched on 3 April 1999 and now it is now In service.

Indian National Satellite System, INSAT-1 and INSAT-2 series:

 INSAT-1A, the first satellite was launched in 10 April 1982 but could not fulfill the mission. But it deactivated on 6 September 1982
The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system of geostationary satellites was
commissioned with the launch of INSAT-1B in 30 August 1983..

 INSAT system created a revolution in India’s television and radio broadcasting,
telecommunications and meteorological sectors. It enabled the rapid expansion
of  TV and modern telecommunication facilities to even the remote areas and offshore
islands.
INSAT space segment consists of 21 satellites. out of them, 11 are
in presently in service, making India to have one of the largest domestic
communication satellite systems. The satellites are monitored and controlled by
Master Control Facilities at Hassan and Bhopal.

DIFFERENCE OF COMMUNICATION SATELLITE FROM COMMUNICATION RELAY:

    For communication satellites the range is much higher than that of communication relay. Communication Satellite can cover up to several thousands of  kilometers.

    For communication relay,  the uplink and the downlink frequency is the same. But for communication satellites the uplink and the downlink frequencies are different in order to avoid interference.

Different frequency bands used in satellite communication are

    Ultra high frequency band (UHF).


420-450 MHz
Also known as 70 centimeters (cm). This is the lowest frequency amateur UHF band. Groundwave coverage is quite limited compared to 2 meters due to high absorption. Satellite, EME and terrestrial DXing are popular on this band. Fast scan TV has also found a home on 430 MHz. Lots of FM activity between 440-450 MHz. Lots of machines are linked to 2 meters! The longest Element of a beam for this band is about 12 to 13 inches on the low end!

902-928 MHz
Not much activity on this band so far due to a lack of suitable equipment.
Also this is a shared band with other services.

1200-1300 MHz
1.2 GHz is a HUGE band with lots of room for experimenters. EME and satellite are popular up here and in some parts of the US there are very active FM repeaters. Antennas are VERY small! Not a lot of terrestrial DXing but during contests there is some activity. Antennas for small signal work are quite impressive with lots of elements on short booms. Dishes are practical on this band.



   C-Band:
All C-Band downlink frequencies will fall between a minimum of 3.4 Ghz and a maximum of 4.8 Ghz
   
X-Band:

x- band ranges from 8 to 12 GHz.

 Ku-Band:
All Ku-Band downlink frequencies will fall between a minimum of 10.7 Ghz and a maximum of 12.75 Ghz

 Ka-Band:
Ka band ranges from 26.5 to 40 GHz